The entire story Essay Example For Students

The entire story Essay Whilst eating the lamb as requested my Mary Maloney, the four policemen (within the house) discuss amongst themselves of the different possibilities of the type of weapon used and its possible whereabouts. One of the policemen concedes that its on the premises itself and ironically probably right under our very noses whilst Mary Maloney starts giggling in the other room.  Like Lamb to the Slaughter, The Adventure of the Speckled Band subverts the conventions of the genre from the very beginning itself, the title. When one hears the Adventure of the Speckled Band theyre most likely to be intrigued and quite keen to read the story. We will write a custom essay on The entire story specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Another way in which Doyle subverts the conventions of the genre is by using a fictional narrators (Holmes assistant-Watson) point of view. This is evident as Doyle has presented the complete story as a memoir of Dr. Watson. It can also be seen that the first paragraph isnt directly related to the events that took place and is more of an introduction to a recollection of Dr. Watson. The narrator also states that he made a promise to a lady not to reveal these matters and has only done so due to her untimely death; intriguing the readers and making the story sound more realistic. The fact that the accounts are supposed to be secretive further creates intrigue within the readers as it is human nature to be attracted to secretive information. Doyle uses Dr. Watsons point of view to make it sound less fictional and more autobiographic; giving the readers a sense of authenticity and make the entire story more realistic.  Using Watsons point of view also helps the main character (Holmes) look far more superior and intellectual than he is, as Watson himself is portrayed to be in awe of Holmes, this is shown when Watson admits that I had no keener pleasure that in following Holmes in his professional investigations. Once Holmes and Watson had arrived in the living room to meet Miss Stoner, the dialogue between Holmes and Miss Stoner and Watsons descriptions were used to help build suspense e.g. when Holmes points out precise details about Miss Stoners journey to Waterloo, she is startled. The readers were probably expected by Doyle to have a similar reaction.  After the brief disclosure of her families past, she then explains the sudden change in character that took place within Dr. Roylott; regularly holding feuds with the local residents and neighbours.  Despite the extensive statement by Miss Stoner regarding her family, the readers havent yet read about the reason behind Miss Stoners concerns; building tension in the readers mind ever so slightly. The tension starts to increase when Miss Stoner describes the follow up to her sister Julias death. The tension builds from the point where Miss Stoner admits of having A vague feeling of impending misfortune, this is also breaking conventions Miss Stoner, a major character in the story is shown to have had an instinctive impression that something bad was going to take place. The tension alleviates slightly once Holmes starts asking a couple of questions regarding the deaths and Miss Stoner hesitates to confirm that she heard the whistle and the metallic clang. The tension builds up when Miss Stoner concludes that her sister certainly was alone due to the lack of any marks of violence upon her sister Julia. Leading the readers to think that an unconventional and mysterious form of crime has took place.  Tensions build up once again when Miss Stoner calls her late sisters bedroom a chamber, suggesting to the readers that Miss Stoner herself felt uncomfortable about being in that room and thought of it as a prison cell. After Miss Stoner had left Holmes office, the tension turns down whilst Holmes and Watson discuss the different possibilities, until suddenly, the door was dashed open by Dr. Grimesby Roylott. .uee16744cdc27bc6378de50e750b00645 , .uee16744cdc27bc6378de50e750b00645 .postImageUrl , .uee16744cdc27bc6378de50e750b00645 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uee16744cdc27bc6378de50e750b00645 , .uee16744cdc27bc6378de50e750b00645:hover , .uee16744cdc27bc6378de50e750b00645:visited , .uee16744cdc27bc6378de50e750b00645:active { border:0!important; } .uee16744cdc27bc6378de50e750b00645 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uee16744cdc27bc6378de50e750b00645 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uee16744cdc27bc6378de50e750b00645:active , .uee16744cdc27bc6378de50e750b00645:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uee16744cdc27bc6378de50e750b00645 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uee16744cdc27bc6378de50e750b00645 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uee16744cdc27bc6378de50e750b00645 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uee16744cdc27bc6378de50e750b00645 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uee16744cdc27bc6378de50e750b00645:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uee16744cdc27bc6378de50e750b00645 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uee16744cdc27bc6378de50e750b00645 .uee16744cdc27bc6378de50e750b00645-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uee16744cdc27bc6378de50e750b00645:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Oedipus Rex EssayA war of words erupts between Holmes and Roylott. However Holmes is hesitant to involve himself in a verbal confrontation thus decides to shrug off any comments made by Dr. Roylott with humour.  After sometime the most anticipated and tense part of the story begins when Holmes and Watson enter Stoke Moran through Late Julia Stoners bedroom.  The tension dies down when the readers discover that there were no whistling noises of any sort for at least 3 hours after midnight, until suddenly Watson hears the whistle, which he describes to be a gentle, soothing sound. Tensions suddenly shoot up as Watson states that Holmes used his cane to lash savagely at the bell pull. A short hiatus in tension occurs amidst all the tensions when suddenly both Holmes and Watson hear an immensely loud shriek. Holmes is quoted to have said Its all over.  Tension is finally built up when Holmes and Watson make their way to Dr. Roylotts bedroom with Watson carrying an Eleys No.2. They are shocked to see the two perpetrators of the murder, one alive, one dead. Here also Doyle breaks the conventions as the murderer dies by his own weapon.

Image Of Man Essays - Gender, Masculinity, Biology, Free Essays

Image Of Man Essays - Gender, Masculinity, Biology, Free Essays Image Of Man The Image of Man Essay Throughout the past few centuries, man has been notorious for his masculinity. However, masculinity was labeled by the changing societies and ideals, creating different aspects of manliness. By objectifying human nature, people began to stereotype. By stereotyping, it mad it easier for people to understand by perceiving and to a great extent passing judgment on another human being. The stereotype of masculinity seemed to arise somewhere in between the second half of the eighteenth century and the nineteenth century. With the beginning of the modern age, Europe started to enter a more visually oriented age, therefore making the formation of the male body become key. Europeans began to homogenize, or look at man as a type, rather than an individual. They believed that there was no reason for individual change and wanted the men to accept measure up to the ideal of masculinity. Masculinity was strengthened due to the positive stereotyping, however for those that did not conform to this label or fit in with the ideal, were negatively stereotyped. Nationalism and masculinity went hand in hand. As masculinity became adopted as part of the national stereotype, they initiated their growth together. Mass stereotyping was bourgeois orientated. At first, mass stereotyping was for intended purposes of being and open ended process, yet it eventually turned into a distinct a mbition. Women, during this period, projected chastity and innocence. While men and women were thought of as not equal, they were thought as to compliment each other. Racism, especially towards the Jewish and Africans, became clear and developed from the judgment of masculinity. Because the ideal had already been set and put into play, the counter parts, Jewish, Africans, or others, had no room to advance. The ideal of masculinity started to sway as the Enlightenment approached and came. The model was of humanistic spirit, rather than the anatomy and returned to the ideas of socialist men such as Max Alder. However, this shot at changing the normative male stereotype failed. The bourgeois was the main component in shaping the modern man. But, there were previous contributing factors to the molding of this masculine stereotype. Medieval ideals lasted well into modern times. Chivalry was a main factor and to be called a coward was a great insult. The duel had been a ritual since the sixteenth century and was fought for male honor. Aristocratic ideals consisted of the linkage of blood, or lineage and descent. Theses ideals were primarily based on warrior caste. The ingredients in forming this modern masculinity, was through the combination and adjustment of both aristocratic and bourgeois classes. This merging of classes started to reflect in the way society saw man. By the end of the eighteenth century the standard of masculinity was measured by looks, appearance, and behavior. In Germany, the bourgeois male code of honor was used as a status symbol. Jewish people were gradually excluded. And the elite fraternities would have male dueling. In France, the d uel was not to kill, but to display manly qualities. By the end of the nineteenth century, the emphasis was basically pointed at justice and equality. If a man defends his honor for sole purpose of appearing honorable, the honor code ceases to fulfill its original function and becomes a travesty. (20, endnote #21) This justice and equality began when the duelers would handshake at the end of a match. Duels went on and became a form of exercise and meant not only moral toughness, but physical as well. The duels along with other undertakings started to set a standard, which becomes known as the new masculine modern stereotype. The masculine ideal valued the physical, moral, and visual perceptions, and became a symbol of society and nation. The Enlightenment focused on the joining of the body and spirit. Johann Kaspar Lavaters theory comprised of seeing people through their physical, such as their color, nose, eyes, and bodily structure. He stated that the Greeks were more beautiful th an the people of today and if a man could base his beauty on the Greeks then they would attain moral posture. This general principle was derived from actual concrete evidence such as engravings and statues. With the turn

Prehistoric Life During the Devonian Period

Prehistoric Life During the Devonian Period From a human perspective, the Devonian period was a crucial time for the evolution of vertebrate life: this was the period in geological history when the first tetrapods climbed out of the primordial seas and began to colonize dry land. The Devonian occupied the middle part of the Paleozoic Era (542-250 million years ago), preceded by the Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian periods and followed by the Carboniferous and Permian periods. Climate and Geography The global climate during the Devonian period was surprisingly mild, with average ocean temperatures of only 80 to 85 degrees Fahrenheit (compared to as high as 120 degrees during the preceding Ordovician and Silurian periods). The North and South Poles were only marginally cooler than the areas closer to the equator, and there were no ice caps; the only glaciers were to be found atop high mountain ranges. The smallish continents of Laurentia and Baltica gradually merged to form Euramerica, while the giant Gondwana (which was destined to break apart millions of years later into Africa, South America, Antarctica, and Australia) continued its slow southward drift. Terrestrial Life Vertebrates. It was during the Devonian period that the archetypal evolutionary event in the history of life  took place: the adaptation of lobe-finned fish to life on dry land. The two best candidates for the earliest tetrapods (four-footed vertebrates) are Acanthostega and Ichthyostega, which themselves evolved from earlier, exclusively marine vertebrates like Tiktaalik and Panderichthys. Surprisingly, many of these early tetrapods possessed seven or eight digits on each of their feet, meaning they represented dead ends in evolution since all terrestrial vertebrates on earth today employ the five-finger, five-toe body plan. Invertebrates. Although tetrapods were certainly the biggest news of the Devonian period, they werent the only animals that colonized  dry land. There was also a wide array of small arthropods, worms, flightless insects and other pesky invertebrates, which took advantage of the complex terrestrial plant ecosystems that started to develop at this time to gradually spread inland (though still not too far away from bodies of water). During this time, though, the vast bulk of life on earth lived deep in the water. Marine Life The Devonian period marked both the apex and the extinction of the placoderms, prehistoric fish characterized by their tough armor plating (some placoderms, such as the enormous Dunkleosteus, attained weights of three or four tons). As noted above, the Devonian also teemed with lobe-finned fish, from which the first tetrapods evolved, as well as relatively new ray-finned fish, the most populous family of fish on earth today. Relatively small sharkssuch as the bizarrely ornamented Stethacanthus and the weirdly scaleless Cladoselachewere an increasingly common sight in the Devonian seas. Invertebrates like sponges and corals continued to flourish, but the ranks of the trilobites were thinned out, and only the giant eurypterids (invertebrate sea scorpions) successfully competed with vertebrate sharks for prey. Plant Life It was during the Devonian period that the temperate regions of the earths evolving continents first became truly green. The Devonian witnessed the first significant jungles and forests, the spread of which was aided by the evolutionary competition among plants to gather as much sunlight as possible (in a dense forest canopy, a tall tree has a significant advantage in harvesting energy over a tiny shrub). The trees of the late Devonian period were the first to evolve rudimentary bark (to support their weight and protect their trunks), as well as robust internal water-conduction mechanisms that helped to counteract the force of gravity. The End-Devonian Extinction The end of the Devonian period ushered in the second great extinction of prehistoric life on earth, the first being the mass extinction event at the end of the Ordovician period. Not all animal groups were affected equally by the End-Devonian Extinction: reef-dwelling placoderms and trilobites were especially vulnerable, but deep-sea organisms escaped relatively unscathed. The evidence is sketchy, but many paleontologists believe that the Devonian extinction was caused by multiple meteor impacts, debris from which may have poisoned the surfaces of lakes, oceans, and rivers.

Unit V AAssessment#3 Oxidative Stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit V AAssessment#3 Oxidative Stress - Essay Example In order to eavaluate thr ability of particulate air pollution to promote oxidative stress, six adult pathogen free Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained from Taconic Farms in New York,USA, and fed with conventional laboratory diet and water ad libium.Three of the rats were exposed to filtered air (control group) and the other three were exposed to concentrated ambient particles (CAPs). Throughout the study, all rats were awake and unrestricted. At 1, 3 and 5 hours, two rats: 1 from filtered air and 1 from CAPs , were removed and analysed. The rats that were exposed to CAPs aerosols for 5 hours showed significant oxidative stress. The rats showed significant increase in lung and heart water content (about 5% , p According to Gurgueira, et al., (2002 p.260), the generation of ROS can induce cellular oxidative stress and biological effects,including DNA damage.In most aerobic cells, electron –transport chains are located in mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum . The electron –transport chains are the major source of ROS produced in vivo (Gurjar, et al., 2010: p.190). Gurgueira, S. A., Lawrence, J., Coull, B., Murthy, K. G. G., & Gonzà ¡lez-Flecha, B. ( 2002). Rapid increases in the steady-state concentration of reactive oxygen species in the lungs and heart after particulate air pollution inhalation. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(8),

Bus 234 Quail P1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bus 234 Quail P1 - Essay Example All field agents have an educational background in environmental science while the accountant has an educational background in accounting. The mission of the business is to provide quality services in terms of advising clients on the best approach to designing and putting up infrastructure to allow minimization of environmental pollution in order to make the immediate surrounding healthier and friendlier. The business anticipates to add the number of clients through the field agents. The field agents interact with clients on site and may attract new clients from their code of conduct and interaction with existing clients on the ground. The company wishes to conduct a needs assessment to determine the necessity of training its field agents on the best strategies for winning prospective customers to utilize the business` services. As discussed in Altschuld and David (57), in order to determine the training needs, all the field agents were given questionnaires, which contained open-ended questions on a Likert scale. From the results obtained from the short survey, the field agents` rate of interaction with prospective clients is average since their interaction skills and convincing are also rated average. It is thus imperative for the Earthcare group to train its field agents on best skills and strategies of developing and sustaining good customer relationships in order to increase the customer base for Earthcare

Wal-Mart Stores Essay Example for Free

Wal-Mart Stores Essay Optimistic and energetic, Sam Walton, the founder of Wal-Mart Stores Incorporated was a great businessman. He was born in Kingfish, Oklahoma on March 29, 1918. He was raised in Missouri where he worked in his fathers store while attending school. Sam was a multimillionaire, but by working hard he achieved his dreams. He opened the first Wal-Mart store in 1962 in Arkansas. Managing business during that time was hard, but he was fortunate, his Wal-Mart store was successful and the Wal-Mart chain started to grow. It was the beginning of an American success story that no one could have predicted. Walton was a great entrepreneur and he knew consumers would flock to a discount store with a wide array of merchandise and friendly service. His vision was to become the low price leader in small, rural towns. His experience as a Ben Franklin store manager in rural a community led him to realize that in 1960 small towns isolated themselves from national market. Sam acknowledged that all he had to do was beat the prices of the local retailers to be successful. During the time period of 1960 through 1970 the education was very limited. There was little or no technology and different ways of teaching. For instance, during this time all of the children were being taught in one room, with one teacher, teaching everyone the same thing at one time. Everyone did not have an opportunity to go school. Some children had to stay at home and help their parents raise the younger children, so that there parents would be able to work and provide for the family. Some children were not allowed to go to school because their parents did not want to. In those days children did not know anything about computers, because they were not introduced in the classroom because there was no room or very little room. School was a safe haven for children during this time. They could walk to school safely without having to worry about being abducted by a strange man or woman. Children could play at recess time without worrying about anything, because children were not shooting other children. They were well mannered and behaved because, if they did not behave they could be spanked with the paddle by the principal. In this time period, children were not packing guns to school, beating up on each other, fighting each other and there were no gangs in the schools. They were worried about learning and getting an education, not about beating up on someone. Hotels in the early 1960s were limited all across the nation because technology and money was limited. The hotels that were mostly available in big cities and the hotel rooms were not cheap. If you were traveling you had usually (stay in hotel) pulled in to a motel. People that had a good amount of money would get the big rooms and the smaller ones usually were rented to the middle class people. The big hotel rooms usually contained a bar, television, bed, bathroom and sometimes a balcony. Two of the top hotels were located in Las Vegas and California because they had a lot of tourist attractions. Motels were found more often than hotels because they were cheaper and not as fancy. The motel rooms were usually run down and dirty. The motel rooms usually contained a bed, a television and bathroom. Most of the lower class people stayed it the motels because they couldnt afford the hotel rooms. By the late 1960s technology was slowly becoming easier to understand for the younger generation. In the 1970s people discovered there was more efficient technology, therefore the government could produce more money. Most of the hotels and motels were bigger and better then they were in the early 1960s because the technology was better and there was more money. The hotels and motels got more business because it was easier to advertise to the public and people made more money then before. Hotels and motels were easier to come by because the business expanded across the nation. People made more money so they spent more traveling across the nation. Hotel rooms were a lot nicer since technology was upgraded. Most of the TVs were bigger then in the 1960s and had a lot more channels plus they were colored. The motels were bigger and much nicer then in the 1960s. Most of the business nations wide were more efficient during and after the 1970s. In the 1960s technology was still developing and medicine was nothing compared to what it is today. An increasingly mobile population in the United Sates during this time began to demand and improved quality of care in hospital facilities that consisted of an emergency room. Since most of the hospital admissions were elective, these poorly designed emergency rooms were not well equipped and barely had any staff. Despite these impediments patients were increasingly motivated to look for unscheduled care. Emergency room visits quadrupled from1955 to 1970. As the pressure to provide care to more and more patients grew, hospital began to change their bylaws. Many facilities were short in staff and they had to place doctors in the emergency room regardless of special training or specialty. For several years there were no educational or academic training programs in emergency medicine. Because of these emergency physicians held a meeting in Arlington, Virginia in 1968. Thirty-two physicians from eighteen stated attended this meeting. Thanks to this meeting, they incorporated a national association of emergency physicians called American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP). Throughout the years more associations and programs began to develop. After all Sam Walton lived during trying times. He cared about his community thus providing them with opportunities. He once said we are all working together; that is the secret, and we will lower the cost of living for everyone, not just in America, but we will give the world an opportunity to see what it is like to save and have a better lifestyle. We are proud of what we have accomplished and we have just begun. I can say Sam Walton deserves all due respect for his great accomplishments. It can definitely be declared that Walton was a great entrepreneur in business. He was not only able to use his talent to search out and take advantage of new business opportunities, but was also able to develop innovative ways of doing many things in a way that had never been used before. By using his imagination, aggressiveness, and hard work, Walton gave birth to a great industry and all the benefits that would follow, not only financially, but also emotionally.

Robert Gordy Report :: essays research papers

Robert Gordy Report   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert Gordy carefully placed the elements of his piece carefully on a two dimensional plane. First a description of the foreground, there are six women like forms laying as if they are sun bathing with their hair flowing in the wind or just lying in the sand beneath them represented by brown dots. The women are layered in five colors starting inner to outer, black, charcoal gray, light gray, white, and brown representing skin tone.Cropped arms and legs with only the belly and breast having only been represented distinctly. The heads of the women are circles with circular shapes within. the inner shapes of the head give the feeling of an eye although one is not truly represented, there is the feeling of someone looking out at you. The hair on the women is solid black with a with stripe along the top of the shape, this perhaps show a flowing motion in the work or small light source.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moving into the mid ground of the piece, there are nine pyramids, three sided with each panel a different color starting right to left a white, gray, and black were used for coloration. The white and the gray panels on the pyramids have brown ink spattered along in a erratic pattern representing wind blown sand. Which causes a belief that the women and the pyramids are working against each other in that, they flow in different directions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The background shows water flowing, but does not seem to be flowing in same direction as the sand on the pyramids, but it is flowing with woman's hair. The water is green with black and white lines showing motion. The Lines in the water capture the feeling of the women's hair as she sunbathes at the oceanside.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gordy seems to have a great sense of balance, everything seems to be flowing evenly and forcefully throughout all of his works not just the one I chose. There is dominance present in the piece there are six women that are exactly the same in size, color content, space, and attitude. Nine pyramids that are exactly the same forming unity in the piece. An easy feeling of rhythm , there is not a much for action or excitement presented in this particular work. I feel this work is based on form and spacial continuity. Every form is evenly placed and calculated precisely. The work is evenly proportioned, every shape is measured to the exact of the next.

Jay’s Treaty Essay

‘’Jay’s Treaty’’ Jay’s Treaty is an agreement between John Jay, U. S. chief justice, special envoy, and William Grenville, a British foreign secretary. Signed in London, England, on November 19, 1794, and ratified by the U. S. Congress in 1795 the Treaty settled disagreements and distress between the United States and Great Britain. Both countries had unresolved issues remaining since violations occurred from the Treaty of Paris of 1783. England refused to evacuate the frontier forts in the Northwest Territory; and in addition seized American ships forcing American soldiers to participate in England’s war with France. The United States passed navigation laws that were to potentially damage England. It was because the commercial war between the U. S. and England that it was no question that both countries would suffer economically from the lack of trade. It was apparent that the American economies health would cripple especially because the war. John Jay then went to England to negotiate disagreements between the two countries. With the signing of the Treaty, the regulation of commerce and navigation were underway. Jay’s Treaty made it possible for American ships to trade with both England and France. The Treaty also allowed for the United States to have trading concessions in England and the British East Indies, along with access to the Mississippi River with Britain’s consent of course. Without Jay’s Treaty America would have suffered economic wise deeply from lack of trade and would have a serious loss of mobility with ships. Exported goods were and still are a major factor in America. Not only did the Treaty help avert war, but it also helped in solving several issues left over from the Revolutionary War. Last but not least the Treaty opened and sustained 10 years of peaceful trade despite being in the midst of the French Revolutionary Wars.

Pollution Effects and Counter Measures Essay

The impact of human activity on our environment cannot be denied. Many aspects of today’s environmental problems are only now coming to light as scientists explore the causes and effects of human impact on the world around us. Today’s generation has seen both unwarranted skepticism and exaggeration on both sides of the debate on how close we are to an environmental catastrophe. Although, as Frederick Buell wrote, as of today our world â€Å"has not ended; eco-apocalypse hasn’t happened. Yet people today also accept the fact that they live in the shadow of environmental problems so severe that they constitute a crisis† (xii). While it is easier to understand the problems we face today by classifying human activity and its consequences into neatly defined, cause-and-effect relationships, it is important to realize that all of these causes and effects interact in a complex web to bring about an environmental crisis. That said, pollution is one of the most widespread results of human activity, encompassing a broad range of substances with pervasive effects. The effect of pollutants on our environment is one of the most widely publicized factors contributing to its degradation. And deservedly so; pollutants are diverse, and pollution takes many forms, but the effect of unchecked pollution is rapid, extensive, and often dramatic in its visual manifestations. Finally, in many cases pollution defies geographical and political boundaries, making it an international concern, and controlling it will require the involvement of citizens and organizations from all levels of society. Pollution involves the introduction of pollutants into the environment, and it is commonly organized into major categories – air, soil, and water – based on which component of the environment is affected. Other forms of pollution are classified based on the nature of the pollutant, and these include radiation pollution, biological pollution, and noise pollution. Scientists have developed many ways of gauging the level of pollution, or of a specific pollutant within the environment, but when one considers the direct impact of pollution on human health, it is exposure that matters more than the concentration of pollutants. In the environmental pathway, exposure to a certain concentration of a pollutant is what determines the actual dose of the pollutant in the exposed individual, and this is what leads to possible health consequences (Akbar et al., 62). In many cases, pollution is an occupational hazard, posing the greatest danger to people who suffer the most exposure as part of their daily lives. With some pollutants, however, the effects are indirect, not affecting an individual’s health, but impacting a society’s resources and economy in subtle ways. Even with the increased environmental awareness in modern society, it is surprising how many people still see nothing wrong simply because they are not directly affected by pollution. The purpose of this research is to give an overview of the different classes of pollution, how they affect society on different levels, and some of the measures that can help to prevent or reduce its spread. When one thinks of air pollution, perhaps the first image that comes to mind is that of a smog-filled skyline of a major city, through which a hazy sun barely shines. However, exposure to the outdoor smog in a polluted city is not the main source of pollutant dosage. Most of the actual human exposure to air pollution occurs indoors, simply because that is where most people spend most of their time (Akbar et al., 61). Just as the health risks of polluted water can be minimized by treatment, the risks posed by polluted air (namely, cardiovascular and respiratory disease) can be lessened by using proper filters within homes and offices. While it is possible to keep the indoor air quality under control, improving atmospheric air quality will require a collective effort on a much larger scale. Major sources of worldwide pollutant emissions are industrial operations, power plants, road vehicles, forest fires, and the incineration of refuse. Vehicular emissions are not only limited to exhaust, but also include emissions from the wear of tires and brakes and the road surface itself, which makes it difficult to come up with an accurate estimate of total vehicular emissions. Many of these sources of emissions are similarly difficult to quantify, but the overall statistics show that air pollution trends are higher in developing countries, and above the national average in megacities (Akbar et al., 36). This reflects a general trend of better environmental awareness, and environment protection programs that have been implemented for a longer time in well-developed, industrialized countries. For some pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide – a product of the combustion of fossil fuels – the global trend shows a decrease, but for other emissions there is no such evidence (Akbar et al., 49). Clearly, although industrialized countries like America have been consciously reducing some emissions for a longer time than other countries in the developing world, there is much that still needs to be done on an international level. Former United States Vice President Al Gore sums up the nature of the problem regarding the public attitude: †¦Our continued dependence of imported oil†¦is connected to the same pattern that leads us to put 70 million tons of global warming pollution into the earth’s atmosphere every 24 hours around the world, as if it was an open sewer. And pretending that that doesn’t have consequence, when there’s signs to tell us it definitely does†¦that’s really the essence of this problem. But because it’s so pervasive, in order to change it, we really have to have a sea change in public opinion in this country and around the world before the politicians and the government leaders in every nation will have the courage to do what really is necessary. (Interview with Al Gore, 2007) The second major category of pollution is soil pollution. The composition of soil is an important factor in an ecosystem, affecting what types of vegetation are able to take root and survive, and by extension, what species of animals will thrive in the area. Soil also retains water, and pollution of the soil often spreads to ground water tables. When soil is contaminated by pollutants – usually in the form of heavy metals that disrupt the balance and composition of the soil – it is often harder to detect, and difficult to determine the extent of the pollution. Such contamination typically results from direct deposition of pollutants into the soil. Landfills and waste heaps contain pollutants which gradually leach into the soil, and some of the particles in polluted air fall to the ground, where water runoff and seepage can spread the pollutants and lodge them into the soil. Operations in the mining industry, when improperly managed, can cause long-term damage to the soil, and to the environment as a whole. Jared Diamond cites Montana as a case study of the damage that the mining industry can do to the environment, saying it has â€Å"about 20,000 abandoned mines, some of them recent but many of them a century or more old, that will be leaking acid and†¦toxic metals essentially forever† (36). In most cases, these mines have no surviving owners, or the owners are financially unable to reclaim their property and manage its wastes. The relationship between the soil and the rest of the environment is complex, and much remains to be understood before a standard set of indicators and benchmarks can be used to monitor the quality of all soils. While these subtle relationships and interactions are being actively studied by scientists, land management can be improved and better implemented to lessen the impact of activities such as agriculture and mining, by regulating waste disposal and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. As an example, many farmers practice plowing their fields close to the edge of rivers or streams, and letting their livestock graze at the edge. This practice actually contributes to the erosion of riverbanks and diffusion of agricultural wastes into water. Careful management of land and soil resources can prevent soil erosion, which in turn will lessen the deposition of silt in freshwater areas that may be important habitats or breeding sites for species like salmon. (Environment Agency). Public pressure is necessary for the government to pass laws that will enforce mining companies to take charge of cleaning up their mines; the main responsibility lies with the American public, to be more active and vocal in protecting the environment (Diamond, 38). Water’s properties as a solvent are familiar to everyone, thus it should not be surprising that water is particularly vulnerable to contamination. The flow of bodies of water, as well as water runoff from precipitation, can disperse a high volume of pollutants over the course of a year. Water’s cycle in the environment has unique implications for the spread of pollution, and the various pollutants and contaminants of water comprise the third major category of pollution. Bodies of water can be polluted by point sources, such as sewage treatment plants, or they may be polluted through diffusion. Diffuse pollution can come from misconnected drains in households, leaching of surface wastes into groundwater, or runoff of toxic substances that have been deposited on land. Inland precipitation (in the form of rain) creates water runoff, which drains into larger bodies of water, carrying with it some deposited pollutants from the atmosphere and many untreated wastes that have been improperly disposed of. Oil from roadways and motor vehicles, excess agricultural fertilizer, and assorted litter from the land, can be washed into rivers and out to sea, where the scale of dispersal makes it very difficult to treat the pollution. In fact, the volume of pollution deposited by water from runoff can exceed that of an oil spill. In Puget Sound in the Pacific Northwest, for example, each year from 2000 to 2006 roughly 22,580 metric tons of oil and petroleum products are deposited by runoff, compared to less than 1,000 metric tons from direct oil spills (Dodge). The deterioration of water quality leads to obvious consequences for human consumption. Freshwater with excessive levels of certain pollutants becomes unsafe to drink, and seawater can lose its ability to sustain biodiversity, negatively impacting the fishing industry. Agricultural runoff contains nitrates and phosphates, which are important nutrients for many organisms, but in excessive concentrations in bodies of water they lead to explosions in the population of certain microorganisms (a phenomenon sometimes known as â€Å"algal blooms†). This leads to an overall decrease in dissolved oxygen content in the water, which harms other species, mainly fish, by disrupting spawning and breeding patterns, and can lead to massive deaths in certain species when oxygen levels are depleted (Environment Agency). Thermal pollution of water can occur when a large volume of water is used for cooling purposes in processes that release large amounts of heat. Electrical stations use water for this purpose, and subsequently release it into the environment. This water is considerably warmer than the rest of the water in the environment, and brings a corresponding rise in temperature to the entire body of water where it is released. This again reduces the capacity of water to hold dissolved oxygen, with the same effects described above (Lourenco and Neves). With most point sources of water pollution under regulation, the biggest source of water pollution is diffusion. If the source of pollution cannot be pinpointed, the processes that create or contribute to diffuse pollution have to be more strictly managed. Since 2003, European legislation has created a Water Framework Directive (WFD) to actively assess the standards of water usage with chemical, biological, and physical tests. The WFD monitors all bodies of water (including ground water reserves and artificial reservoirs) with the ultimate goal of reducing water pollution in the United Kingdom and all EU member states by 2015. The United Kingdom’s Environment Agency summarizes some of its recommendations: Key policy issues, such as the control of diffuse water pollution, land-use planning, the designation of heavily modified water bodies and the role of wetlands†¦must be addressed by relevant authorities. Particular emphasis should be placed on the diverse sources of diffuse pollution†¦These include discharges from agriculture and also from other land-uses such as urban developments, transport infrastructure and abandoned mineral workings. Those who manage the land may have to do things in a different way to ensure that they do not cause water pollution. (1) Some forms of pollution are not classified by the sphere of the environment that they contaminate, but by their nature and properties. Our planet is constantly bathed in radiation originating from outer space, and there are trace amounts of radioactivity scattered throughout the earth’s crust. These do not constitute radioactive pollution; typically, this form of pollution originates from nuclear power processing, or from equipment used in nuclear medicine and radiography, although nuclear fallout from bombs and disasters, such as the 1986 Chernobyl incident, is perhaps the most striking example of nuclear pollution. In the case of Chernobyl, flawed design of the nuclear reactor, combined with personnel errors, led to an explosion which released around 5% of the reactor’s core of radioactive material into the atmosphere. The wind carried fallout composed mainly of the radioisotopes iodine-131, cesium-134, and cesium 137, from the reactor across the former Soviet Union. Among the most heavily affected countries were Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia. The radioactive pollution’s immediate effect resulted in the death of 30 people, injury to over a hundred other individuals, and the immediate evacuation and relocation of over 200,000 affected citizens. One of the most studied long term effects of the disaster is a significant increase in the number of cases of thyroid cancer among generations of exposed individuals, due to the accumulation of radioactive iodine-131 in the thyroid gland (International Atomic Energy Agency). It should be noted that Chernobyl was a rare nuclear disaster that is not representative of the more common forms of radiation pollution; rather, it serves as an example of the potential scale and duration of pollution’s ill effects. Much more commonly encountered are the radiation-related risks in the medical field, where exposure to X-rays and radiotherapy practices can lead to an increased risk of developing certain cancers among some groups of patients. However, for the most part, properly observed medical standards will ensure that the risk of developing cancer from medical radiation is low – an estimated 0.05% per rem of radiation. The amount of exposure depends on the medical procedures involved, and although the increase in the risk of cancer induction is small (from zero to one percent), there is no threshold of radiation exposure below which it is absolutely risk-free. Thus, all procedures involving radiation exposure should be decided on the basis of risk versus benefit to the patient (Classic). Homo sapiens is the only species that has succeeded in domesticating other species, and with the spread of human civilization, we have carried our pets (and pests) to new lands. Introduced species constitute a form of biological pollution – when a non-native species establishes itself in an ecosystem, displacing certain native species that play a vital role in that ecosystem, and possibly causing economic damage, they are considered invasive. In ecology, the â€Å"rule of tens† states that one in every ten introduced species becomes invasive (Boudouresque and Verlaque, 1). The most significant direct consequence of biological invasion is the extinction of native species that are not adapted to compete with invaders. Such is the case with the Nile perch (Lates niloticus), a popular commercial fish species that was introduced to Lake Victoria in East Africa around the year 1962. The Nile perch disrupted the lake’s ecosystem by predatory activity, feeding on many native fish species, and spreading parasites which it carries in its gills. An estimated 300 fish species native to Lake Victoria were driven to extinction by the 1980s (Blake). While the Nile perch and some other invasive species have at least had some marginal economic benefit (a boost to the commercial fishing industry and local employment), in many cases the effect of biological invasion has been a complete economic disaster. Australia’s plague of introduced European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) has not only threatened native animals as the rabbits outcompete them for food and shelter; the rabbits have threatened the ecosystem itself by decimating vegetation, causing the soil (arid and fragile over much of Australia) to erode. This in turn has greatly reduced the available land for sheep and cattle grazing – two of Australia’s major industries. Efforts to reduce rabbit populations have only increased the economic cost of the rabbit invasion, as Australians have tried to use poison, traps, dynamite, and expensive biological control agents in the form of diseases such as myxomatosis and the calicivirus (Diamond, 392). Managing an invasion is very difficult once the invasive species has become established. As noted by Oregon State University biologist John Chapman, â€Å"Unlike other contaminants in the world, introduced species don’t have a half-life, they can spread from a single point source, and they have a potentially infinite life span† (qtd. in Reiber). An introduced species becomes established when conditions in the new environment are favorable, and it has little to no competition, and natural predators are lacking. Too often, strategies devised to control populations of invasive species backfire – the myxomatosis disease used to exterminate rabbits in Australia did succeed in bringing down the rabbit population by 90%, but the survivors then developed a resistance to the disease (Diamond, 392). Biological or chemical control agents used to eradicate invasive species often are detrimental to native species as well. In most cases, the safest way to remove invasive species from the environment is manually, which can be highly labor intensive and needs to be organized at the local or community level. Increased sound levels in our surroundings can constitute a form of noise pollution. While some people would classify certain genres or styles of music as noise, the most common form of noise pollution comes from transportation and industrial activity. Extreme levels of noise pollution can lead to a deterioration and eventual impairment of the auditory function in humans and other organisms. Noise pollution also affects individuals in other ways that may be less easy to measure or quantify; increasing levels of stress and annoyance, for example, or disruption of normal sleeping routines. States such as Maryland have implemented some form noise control; in Maryland, the Noise Control Program was passed into legislation in 1970, to provide technical assistance and enforcement regarding noise related issues across the state. It has been de-funded since July 2005, as the duty of regulating noise-related issues has been passed down to local government. There are many other forms of pollution that do not fit neatly into this broad classification, and to fully understand the effect of every pollutant would often require time-consuming research into various case studies. The interaction between different types of pollution often contributes to a complex effect acting on a larger scale, such as global warming, which is a phenomenon created by the interaction between the increased levels of various gases (known collectively as greenhouse gases). Pollution affects us on a global scale, but it can be reduced or remediated by efforts at the local and personal level. The easiest way to start contributing to the effort to reduce pollution is to minimize one’s own pollution of the environment. It is this diffuse type of pollution which is much more difficult to catch and trace. Individual citizens not disposing of their wastes properly, or households with misconnected drains, all have a small effect on pollution levels, and collectively this adds up to a large increase in pollution if unchecked or unreported. This is the pollution whose source is often unnoticed, and it is up to each individual to eliminate himself or herself as a source of this anonymous, unaccountable pollution. Many nonprofit organizations and agencies concerned with the welfare of our environment are engaged in activities to counter pollution and its effects. Participating in local community clean-up events can help to not only reduce the level of pollution in a community, but also heightens the awareness of people regarding pollution issues, especially if the organizers have invited an environmental expert to deliver a talk about problems relevant to the community. Recycling gadgets instead of throwing them away is a solution that helps both the consumers and the manufacturing industries. Sony Electronics, Inc. has a recycling program that accepts old or non-working Sony branded products free of charge, and even products of other companies for a small fee (On a higher level, government environmental agencies monitor the major point sources of pollution such as wastes disposed by large factories and industrial companies. With pollution’s far-reaching consequences, nations must help each other to remediate the worst polluted areas. An estimated 1 billion people are affected by pollution issues, and a majority of those people are in the developing world, where a general lack of awareness and local regulation of pollution has reduced the overall life expectancy and quality of life (Hanrahan et al., 2). With minimal financial investment, a number of remediation measures can be carried out in some of the worst polluted areas in the developing world. These measures will help save lives, particularly of children, at an estimated cost of only one to fifty US dollars per person each year. However, implementing such measures often takes a back seat to the basic needs of education and primary health services that local governments often must prioritize (Hanrahan et al., 2-4). This is why it is important to have international intervention and cooperation, not apathy and the selfish attitude summed up by ‘it’s someone else’s problem, let them take care of it’. In dealing with pollution it is important to keep in mind that many of the sources contributing to pollution are industries upon which modern society is dependent. Mining and agriculture are two examples of ancient activities that have helped men to develop their civilizations. Mining enabled us to build better shelters and construct the tools and implements that we use in everyday tasks. Agriculture and the potential to store surplus food has taken us from the lifestyle of hunter-gatherers and brought humans together in the first settlements, which eventually grew into cities and states. Pollution is a byproduct of these activities, and the effort to reduce or prevent pollution is not trying to destroy major industries or cease the production and development of new technology. It is an effort to make the producers and consumers responsible for the regulation of wastes created by these activities, and their proper management and disposal. We live in an age of awareness, and thanks to our awakening and gradual realization of how we affect the world around us, today’s environmental crisis has increasingly become a fact of life in the modern world. Modern governments should no longer be intent on debating the validity of environmental concerns, but focused on finding and implementing solutions. The root of these problems – human degradation of the environment and exploitation of its resources – has been at work ever since the dawn of the civilized age. The environmental crisis of the present, on both the global and local levels, is not a burden that we have borne for only a few generations; it is a result of centuries, even millennia, of human exploitation of available resources without the guidance of modern environmental science, accelerated by the industrialization brought about by developing technology, and abetted by attitudes and sensibilities that have developed in ignorance of how we impact our surroundings. The inertia of these outdated attitudes and accelerating industrial processes is huge and cannot be so easily stopped; it may take decades to realize the full extent of the damage we have done to the environment in every aspect, and perhaps longer to reverse the trend. But for many of us, the fundamental error in thinking has, at least, been corrected. Environmental problems elsewhere in the world are no longer just someone else’s concern. With modern globalization, what we do in our part of the world affects everyone else, and if we continue to act and think with that in mind, the environmental problems facing all of society will be managed by society as a whole. Works Cited â€Å"A slow-moving oil spill.† Ed. John Dodge. 01 December 2007. The Olympian. 04 December 2007 Akbar, S. et al. World Health Organization. Air Quality Guidelines Global Update 2005. Germany: Druckpartner Moser, 2005. Boudouresque CF, Verlaque M. Biological pollution in the Mediterranean Sea: invasive versus introduced macrophytes. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2002 January; 44(1):32-8. Buell, Frederick. From Apocalypse to Way of Life: Four Decades of Environmental Crisis in the U.S. New York: Routledge, 2003. Diamond, Jared. Collapse. New York: Penguin Books, 2005. Environment Agency, 2003. The Water Framework Directive – not only a question of quality. Bristol: Environment Agency. Environment Agency, 2004. Soil, the hidden resource. Bristol: Environment Agency. Environment Agency, 2007. The unseen threat to water quality. Bristol: Environment Agency. Hanrahan, D. et al. Blacksmith Institute. Cost Effectiveness and Health Impact of Remediation of Highly Polluted Sites in the Developing World. 2007. International Atomic Energy Agency. Chernobyl’s Legacy: Health, Environmental and Socio-economic Impacts and Recommendations to the Governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine. Austria: IAEA, 2006. â€Å"Interview of Al Gore.† Larry King Live. CNN. 05 July 2007.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Invasion Biology Introduced Species Summary Project.† Ed. Jennifer Blake. 10 January 2005. Columbia University. 02 December 2007 http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Lates_niloticus.htm> John, E. M. et al. Medical radiation exposure and breast cancer risk: findings from the Breast Cancer Family Registry. International Journal of Cancer: 2007 July; 121(2):386-94. â€Å"Link Between Climate Change and Biological Pollution could Harm Northwest.† Ed. Derek Reiber. 02 July 2001. Sightline Institute. 02 December 2007 â€Å"Noise Pollution Control.† 2007. Maryland Department of the Environment. 05 December 2007 Path: Programs; Multimedia Programs; Noise Pollution Control. â€Å"Pollution and its effect to the environment: Interview with Ricky Clancy of Sony Electronics Blog.† 27 September 2007. 05 December 2007. â€Å"Risk/Benefit of Medical Radiation Exposures.† Ed. Kelly Classic. 04 December 2007. Health Physics Society. 04 December 2007 Path: HPS Publications; Articles. â€Å"Thermal Pollution.† Ed. Silvia Lourenco and Rute Neves. 05 December 1996. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. 04 December 2007 United States Environmental Protection Agency. Noise: A Health Problem. Washington, 1978

The Better Than Average Effect

The Better Than Average Effect Free Online Research Papers The better than average effect is based on a cognitive bias that cause people to undervalue their negative abilities and qualities, while they overvalue their positive traits, behaviors and abilities. There is also a worse than average effect which is basically the direct opposite in the sense that the worse than average effect causes people to underestimate their positive qualities and overestimate their negative ones. The better than average effect, or above average effect, is also known as the illusory superiority, superiority bias, or â€Å"primus inter pares (first among equals) effect† (2). In this paper I plan to explain and deconstruct the better than average effect so you can see the obvious flaws in this particular theory. We will start off with the worse than average effect (also known as the below average effect) which is when one underestimates their positive qualities, capabilities and achievements. This is also a cognitive bias where people undervalue their own more desirable traits when chances of success are very low. Such traits and abilities include but are not limited to juggling, living to be one hundred or winning the mega millions lottery, and is often referred to as self-handicapping. It is not only my personal belief but that of others as well that people with low self-esteem seem to suffer from the below average effect more than others. â€Å"This effect also happens for particular abilities and situations, where people say Oh, I cant do that, for example juggling or diving, where the reality is that with a few lessons they could be as good as most people.† (1). The term illusory superiority was coined in 1991 by Van Yperen and Buunk, and refers to peoples tendency to overvalue their positive qualities, traits and abilities while undervaluing their negative ones in relation to other people. The effects of the better than average effect can be seen in many areas such as performance on tests and in the class room, personality traits and ablilities, such as happieness, popularity, or driving ability, intelligence, and ones ability to perform simple tasks. The main problem scientists are having with accurately demonstrating the better than average effect in experiments is that subjects may interperate the questions differently making it hard to have a constant. C.L. Downing conducted the first ever cross- cultural study on perceived intelligence and discovered Research Papers on The Better Than Average EffectStandardized TestingEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraResearch Process Part OneMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

German SMS Abbreviations Explained and Translated

German SMS Abbreviations Explained and Translated We used to be the kinds of people who vowed to never â€Å"butcher† the written language, be it German or English when it came to e-mailing and texting. That was a few years ago. Now, we must admit, having seen so many abbreviations, we have joined countless others, in typing at least the more common abbreviations. Germans, as you may have guessed, use some English SMS, but fortunately, German SMS abounds as well. Why not try to impress a German friend with some SMS German texting? Just be sure of thing - please don’t forget how the words really are spelled†¦ 8tung Achtung – watch outads alles deine Schuld – all your faultakla? alles klar? – everything o.k?aws auf Wiedersehen – good byebb bis bald – see you soonbda bis dann – till thenbidunowa? Bist du noch wach? – Are you still awake?braduhi? brauchst du Hilfe? – Do you need help?bs bis spter – till laterdad denke an dich – thinking of youdiv danke im Voraus – thank you in advancedubido du bist doof – you are dumbff Fortsetzung folgt – to be continuedg grinsen - smirkgk Gruß und Kuss – hug and kissgn8 gute Nacht – good nighthdl hab dich Lieb – love youhegl herzlichen Glà ¼ckwunsch - congratulationsild ich liebe dich – I love youjon jetzt oder nie – now or neverlg liebe Grà ¼ÃƒÅ¸e – heartfelt regardsmamim a mail mir mal – e-mail memumidire muss mit dir reden – have to talk with youn8 Nacht - nightnfd nur fà ¼r dich - o nly for youpg Pech gehabt – bad luckrumian ruf mich an - call mesfh Schluss fà ¼r heute- enough for todaysiw soweit ich weiß- as far as I knowsz schreib zurà ¼ck – write backvlg viele Grà ¼ÃƒÅ¸evv viel Vergnà ¼gen – lots of funwamaduheu? was machst du heute? – What are you doing today?Waudi warte auf dich – wait for youWe Wochenende - weekend

The European Commissions Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The European Commissions Proposal - Essay Example To alleviate the danger of any impending conflict of interest owing to an acquaintance risk, the European Commission in its report has proposed that all publicly listed companies will have to obligatorily alter their auditor after each six years in case they had employed one auditor to execute the audit process, and after each nine years when two auditors were employed to perform the audit (Berger, 2012).This proposed reform is said to have a number of advantages in context of dealing with issues like conflict of interest and in so doing enhancing the quality of audit. The major advantage expected from this reform is the reinforcement of professional skepticism. In cases where the auditors have a long standing association with the company, it is likely that there would be dilution of professional skepticism. In view of the close relationship with their clients, auditors might develop a tendency to overlook areas of concern owing to their depending association with the management, whi ch might hamper the actual independence of the auditors. Various researches have opined that the major rationale for the detrimental audit quality comprise of the personal long term association amid the company’s management and the auditor, the amalgamation of consulting as well as auditing services, in addition to the auditor’s objective of preserving the assignment (Myers, Myers & Omer, 2003). The mandatory rotation of audit would elevate the fear of public exposure in case of any discrepancy. and hence the quality of audit would consequently improve. Another potential advantage of the obligatory audit rotation is that the clashing dissimilarities of judgment amid management and the auditor are not hazardous to the auditor if a rotation is planned in the coming future anyway. Reviews have confirmed the widespread expectation that consequent to this new reform